B. Com. -I Statistics Practical No. 1 Classification, tabulation and frequency distribution

B. Com. -I Statistics Practical No. 1 Classification, tabulation and frequency distribution –I: Qualitative data.

Shree GaneshA

B. Com. Part – I: Semester – I

OE–I Semester – I

(BASIC STATISTICS PRACTICAL-I)

Practical: 60 Hrs. Marks: 50 (Credits: 02)

Course Outcomes:

After completion of this practical course, the student will be able to:

i) apply sampling techniques in real life.

ii) perform classification and tabulation of primary data.

iii) represent the data by means of simple diagrams and graphs.

iv) summarize data by computing measures of central tendency.

LIST OF PRACTICALS:

1. Classification, tabulation and frequency distribution –I: Qualitative data.

2. Classification, tabulation and frequency distribution –II : Quantitative data.

3. Diagrammatic representation of data by using Pie Diagram and Bar Diagrams.

4. Graphical representation of data by using Histogram, Frequency Polygon, Frequency Curve and

Locating Modal Value.

5. Graphical representation of data by using Ogive Curves and Locating Quartile Values.

6. Sampling : Simple random sampling (with and without replacement) and stratified random sampling.

7. Measures of central tendencies: Mean, Mode and Median.

8. Case study : Application of at least three practical’s from above.

Note: Essential requirements for doing all the practical’s from above list are:

i) Students should be made familiar with theory part of every practical.

ii) Students are expected to be familiar in using MS-Excel software as an essential computing tool,

otherwise they also can use Scientific Calculators.

Reference Books:

1. Agarwal B. L. (2019) Basic Statistics, New Age International (P) Limited.

2. Gupta S. C. (2019) Fundamentals of Statistics, Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

3. Patil P.Y. and Kore B. G. (2023) Statistics Practical Paper–I, Nirali Publication, Kolhapur

4. Rita Kumari (2023) Sankhiki: Statistics, Motilal Banarasidas.

5. Sharma V. K. (2012) Elements of Statistics, Gullybaba Publishing House Pvt. Ltd

Above is a syllabus of B.Com. I Practicals on Basic Statistics. And we study one by one as

First we study the theory part on this practical.

Classification, tabulation and frequency distribution –I: Qualitative data.

1. Classification, tabulation and frequency distribution.

In this section we study the following points:

i. Classification and it Bases.

ii. Tabulation.

iii. Frequency and Frequency Distribution.

I. Classification and it's Bases:

Classification:- The process of arranging data into different classes or groups according to their common characteristics is called classification. e.g. we dividing students information into age, gender and religion.

Classification is a method used to categorize data into different groups based on the values of specific variable. The purpose of classification is to condenses the data, simplifies complexities, it useful to comparison and helps to analysis.

The following are some criteria to classify the data into groups.

i. Quantitative Classification: - Quantitative classification deals with data consist of numerical value and it can divided into two types as a) Discrete variable and b) Continuous Variable

a) Discrete Variable: - Discrete Variable take only the specific values, like integer values only. For example the number of children's in a family, the numbers of cars in parking lot etc.

b) Continuous Variable:- Continuous variable takes any value in the range, or it measure on continuous scale. For example age, height, weight, temperature etc.

ii. Qualitative Classification:- it is also known as categorical or nominal classification, this type of classification is used when data is divided into different groups or categories. Without any numerical value. For example we classify the data into gender ( male and female), according to car brand( Toyota, Ford, Suzuki) etc.

iii. Chronological Classification :- The data are arranged according to time is called Chronological Classification, or data based in time order. This type of data are used in time series analysis. In this type data are recorded or collected in regular in time interval. For example daily sale data, daily price of gold, record of daily temperature etc.

iv. Geographical Classification:- The process of dividing data based on their geographical location. Or the data collected based on different locations then it is called geographical data. And this data is divided according to geographical location is called geographical Classification. For example we collecting data of population indifferent states, sales data collected form different city's. etc.

II.TABULATION:- Tabulation is a next step of the Classification. It is defined as the process of arranging data into row and column. The purpose of the Tabulation is same as the Classification.

The following are parts of table:-

1. Table number

2. Title of table, Head-Note

3. Caption

4. Stub

5. Body of the table

6. Source note, foot note.

We see as:

1. Table Number: - Each table should be give number. It is helpful to give reference in any chapter.

2. Title of the table and Head note: - Each table should be give a short and clear title. The purpose of title describe the about data. A Head note is give information about data, and its units.

3. Caption: - Caption means heading of the column. If more columns in table we give sub-headings.

4. Stub: Stub refers to the heading of the row and they give at the extreme left.

5. Body of the table: Body is the main part of the table, data are given in the numerical form.

6. Source note and foot note: - If data are taken from the other sources it can be mentioned in this note is Sources note. And foot note provide the additional information or explanation about data presented in table.

This part is shown in following table.

Table Number:

Title:

(Head Note if any)

Caption

( column heading)

Total (Row)

Sub - Heading

Stub

(row heading)

Body

Column Total

Source Note:

(Foot Note: if any )

Types of table:

There two types of table based on the number of characteristics shown in the table.

i. Simple and ii. Complex tables.

The classification of the tables are based on the number of characteristics shown in the table. We consider one variable two divided data into two parts is called simple table or one-way table. (Because here consider one variable or attribute). Otherwise complex table i.e. we table shown the more than two variable mean data divided into four parts is called complex table.

We see the example of simple table and complex table.

i. Simple table: in this case we shown one variable that divide data into two part, e.g. the age of students in a certain college there the table contain two column as name of the student and their age. Here we are interested in the age of the students only.

Students Name	Age
Student1	20
Student2	18
Student3	19
Student4	21

This is an example of simple table.

ii. Complex table:

Two –way table: collect the data of number of persons arrival at college collecting data with arrival time and gender.

Arrival time	Number of persons
	M	F
07:00 AM TO 08:00 A.M.	14	12
08:00 A.M. TO 09:00 A.M.	102	105
09:00A.M. TO 10:00 A.M.	50	45

Now we colleting dada according to arrival time, gender and the number of persons can divided into students and college staff.

Arrival time	Number of persons
	Students		College staff
	M	F	M	F
07:00 AM TO 08:00 A.M.	17	5	1	4
08:00 A.M. TO 09:00 A.M.	34	36	14	5
09:00A.M. TO 10:00 A.M.	10	7	4	5

It is an another example of complex table.

IV. FREQUENCY AND FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Frequency: The number of times the particular Category repeated in data set is called Frequency of that Category. it is denoted as later f.

A frequency distribution of qualitative data is a table that shows how many times each category appears or repeated in a data set. For Example. Following data gives favorite type of fruit of 10 students. As apple, bananas, grapes, mangoes, mangoes, apple, bananas, apple, grapes, grapes.

The frequency distribution for above data is:

In a data of favorite fruit of student apple, bananas, grapes, mangoes only four fruit types are appears in data set. Therefore we construct frequency distribution of that four fruits only.

Fruit	Tally marks	Frequency
Apple	III	3
Bananas	II	2
Mangoes	II	2
Grapes	III	3

Here tally mark used for simple to count the number of times repeat the particular fruit in given data.

A frequency table shows each category and its corresponding frequency, representing how often each category occurs in the dataset. This is known as a frequency distribution.

Procedure for constructing a frequency distribution for Qualitative data.

The constructing a frequency distribution for qualitative (or categorical ) data involves organizing the data into a table that shows the number of times each category occurs.

The step by step Procedure

Step1 :Write all given Qualitative data

First write a all qualitative data or given data ( categories).

Step2 : Identify Unique Categories.

Write all unique categories present in a given data.

Step 3: Count the Frequency for each category

Count how many times each category appears in the data. We also use tally marks for initial count and then convert them to numbers we get frequencies for each category.

Step 4 : Create a frequency table.

Make a table for categories and corresponding frequencies.

Example: Construct a frequency distribution for following data.

Car, Bike, Car, Bus, Bike, Car, Bus, Bike, Car, Bus, Bus, Bike.

Answer: Constructing a frequency distribution for above data First write a all given data as

Car, Bike, Car, Bus, Bike, Car, Bus, Bike, Car, Bus, Bike, Car, Bus, Bike, Car.

Then the unique categories present in a given data are car, bike, bus

Next Count the Frequency for each category

Category	Tally Mark	Frequency
Car	IIII	4
Bike	IIII	4
Bus	IIII	4

Therefore the frequency distribution of given data is.

Category	Frequency
Car	4
Bike	4
Bus	4

Practical Examples on

Classification, tabulation and frequency distribution: I. Qualitative Data.

Q.1 The job grades (A, B, C, D and E) of 40 employees are as follows:

A	D	B	A	A	D	E	D	E	A
B	D	A	C	C	D	E	A	B	D
C	B	A	D	E	A	E	D	B	A
D	E	D	E	A	A	D	D	B	B

Construct a frequency distribution of these job grades.

Q.2 The Following are the blood groups of individuals. Construct a frequency distribution for different blood groups.

A	O	B	A	AB	B	O	B	O	A
B	B	O	O	O	A	B	AB	A	O
B	O	AB	AB	B	A	AB	B	A	O

Q.3 Construct a frequency distribution for performance evaluation of certain product.

High	High	Low	High	Average	Low	Average	High
Low	Average	High	Low	High	High	Low	Low
Average	Average	High	Low	Low	High	Low	High

Q.4 Construct a frequency distribution for weather conditions in July 2024.

Rainy	Cloudy	Sunny	Cloudy	Sunny	Cloudy	Rainy	Rainy	Sunny	Sunny
Cloudy	Cloudy	Rainy	Sunny	Rainy	Sunny	Rainy	Cloudy	Rainy	Sunny
Sunny	Sunny	Sunny	Rainy	Rainy	Rainy	Sunny	Rainy	Cloudy	Rainy
Rainy

Q.5 Construct a frequency distribution for vehicle preference data of 20 persons.

Car	Bus	Bus	Bike	Car	Bus	Bus	Bike	Car	Bus
Bike	Bike	Car	Bus	Bus	Bus	Car	Bus	Bike	Car

Q.6 The Service Quality Feedback collected by 35 client of a financial consultant is as

follows.

Excellent, Good, Average, Poor, Good, Poor, Average, Excellent, Good, Excellent,

Good, Average, Poor, Average, Good, Average, Excellent, Poor, Good, Poor, Average,

Excellent, Good, Average, Good, Poor, Excellent, Good, Poor, Average, Good,

Excellent, Good, Poor, Good.

Practical - I

Shikshan Prasarak Santha’s

PADMABHUSHAN VASANTRAODADA PATIL MAHAVIDHYALAYA, KAVATHE MAHANKAL

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

B. Com. I: Practical - I

Expt. No. 1 Date: 07/11/ 2025

Title: Classification, tabulation and frequency distribution: I. Qualitative Data.

Q.1 The Departments of 50 Employees in a retail company are listed below.

Sales, HR, Accounts, Sales, IT, Sales, HR, Accounts, Sales, IT, Accounts, Sales, IT, Sales, IT, HR, Accounts, IT, Sales, Account, Sales, Sales, HR, Accounts, IT, HR, Accounts, Sales, IT, HR, Accounts, Sales, Sales, Accounts, Accounts, HR, IT, HR, Sales, Accounts, Sales, Sales, HR, IT, Accounts, Sales, Sales, HR, IT, Accounts.

Construct a Frequency distribution for the Department.

Q.2 The Payment Method preferred by 40 customers in a store is recorded below.

Cash, Cash, UPI, Card, Card, Cash, UPI, Cash, Card, UPI, Cash, UPI, Card, Cash, Card, Cash, UPI, Card, UPI, UPI, UPI, Cash, UPI, Cash, UPI, Card, Cash, Cash, UPI, UPI, Cash, UPI, Card, UPI, UPI, Cash, Cash, UPI, UPI, Cash.

Construct a Frequency distribution for the Payment Method.

Q. 3 The Delivery Status of 25 Orders in an E-Commerce warehouse is given below.

On-Time, On-Time, Cancelled, On-Time, Delay, On-Time, Cancelled, On-Time, Delay, Cancelled, On-Time, On-Time, On-Time, Delay, Cancelled, On-Time, Delay, Cancelled, Delay, Cancelled, Cancelled, On-Time, On-Time, Delay, Delay.

Q.4 A Survey of 30 individual was conducted to collect information about their monthly income group, gender and preferred investment option are given below.

Qualitative Frequency Distribution

Frequency Distribution

Category	Frequency

Shree GaneshA Statistics

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