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B. Com. I OE- II Practical No. 1 Measures of Dispersion - I : Range, Quartile Deviation, Standard Deviation and their Relative Measures for Ungrouped Data

 

Measures of Dispersion: 

 

I. Introduction.

II. Requirements of good measures.

III. Uses of Measures of Dispersion.

IV. Methods Of  Studying Dispersion:

    i. Absolute Measures of Dispersions: 

         i. Range (R) 

        ii. Quartile Deviation (Q.D.) 

        iii. Mean Deviation (M.D.)

        iv. Standard Deviation (S. D.)

        v. Variance

   ii. Relative Measures of Dispersions: 

         i. Coefficient of Range 

        ii. Coefficient of Quartile Deviation (Q.D.) 

        iii. Coefficient of Mean Deviation (M.D.)

        iv. Coefficient of Standard Deviation (S. D.)

        v. Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) 

                                                                                   



I. Introduction.

We have the various measures of central tendency, like Mean, Median & Mode,  it is a single figure that represent the whole data. Now we are interested to study this figure(i.e. measures of central tendency) is proper representative of  actual values of the data. If most of the actual values in the data are close to the average then it is properly represent the data, and if the actual values of data are away from the average then it not properly represent the data. In that case we are interested to study  how far the actual values away from the average is known as Dispersion. i.e. Dispersion Means the Spread of actual values from the average or mean. 

foe example we consider the following data, 

Observations

Total

Mean

Set A :

101

98

99

102

400

100

Set B :

1

0

1

398

400

100



The size of data and mean of the bot sets are same, is 100, but question is the mean is good representative of data or not ? both set have same mean, but the values in the set A are very close to the mean, then the mean is good representative, but in Set B the values are far from the mean. hence mean is not good representative of the data in set B, from this we see the difference between mean and actual values of data are less then mean is properly represent the data, (for set A), therefore we measure the variation in the data. or the measure of  Dispersion. 

    i. Definition:- Dispersion is the Spread of value from the mean, Or deviation of different values of the data from it mean is known as Dispersion.

Following are the Objectives of  Measures of Dispersion. 

    i. To Measure the Reliability of an average.

    ii. To Compare the variability of different distribution. 

    iii, To control the variability. 

                                                                                         

II. Requirements of good measures.

The main objective of the Dispersion is to measure the Reliability of an Average. following are the Properties of good measures of dispersion.

        i. It should be simple to understand and rigidly defined.

        ii. It should be easy to calculate. 

        iii. It should be based on all observation in data.

        iv. It should have sampling stability.

        v. It should not ne unduly affected by extreme values. 

                                                                                         

III. Uses of Measures of Dispersion.

Measure of Dispersion is also known as measure of variability or spread. following are the some uses of Measures of Dispersion.

    1.Understanding the distribution of data: Measure of dispersion help to understand the how data points are spread out around the central tendency (measure of central  tendency means mean , median , mode), a small dispersion indicates the data points are close to central value, while the dispersion is larger indicates the large variability in data set. 

    2. Comparing Data set: Using the measures of dispersion finding which data set has greater variability, or comparing this data set based on variability in data points.

                                                                                         

IV. Methods Of Studying Dispersion:

There are two types of measures of dispersion, i) Absolute Measure of dispersion and ii) Relative Measures of dispersion. 

    i) Absolute Measures of Dispersions: The measure of dispersion is expressed in the term of original unit of the data are called Absolute Measures of Dispersion. and following are the Absolute measures of Dispersions. 

        i. Range (R) 

        ii. Quartile Deviation (Q.D.) 

        iii. Standard Deviation (S. D.)

        iv. Variance

 

    ii.)  Relative Measures of Dispersions: The measure of dispersion is expressed in Ratio or Percentage of are called Relative Measures of Dispersion. and following are the Relative measures of Dispersions. 

        i. Coefficient of Range 

        ii. Coefficient of Quartile Deviation (Q.D.)

        iii. Coefficient of Standard Deviation (S. D.)

        iv. Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) 

                                                                                          

we study one by one the measures of Dispersions 

I. Range

Definition:- The range is the one of the simplest method of measuring Dispersion. It is defined as the Difference between the largest and smallest values of the data. Or the range is defined as the difference between maximum and minimum values in data sets. 

 it is formulated as

Range = L - S

Where L:- the largest value in data

S:- the smallest value in data. 

Sometimes the Range is denoted as R.

It is an absolute measure of Dispersion. 

Now the Relative measure of Dispersion corresponding to Range is called the coefficient of range. It is gives by 

Coefficient of range = (L-S)/(L+S)

📑 MERITS OF RANGE

I. It is simple to understand.

II. It is easy to calculate. 

📑DEMERITS OF RANGE

I. It has no sampling stability.

II. It is effected by extreme values.

Range is the simplest measure that it gives quick idea about the spread in data. a large range indicates a wider variability, and a smaller range indicates narrower Spread. (i.e. the data points in dataset  are closer together and it has less variability) it indicates less dispersion. the greatest drawback of range is that is too much affected by extreme values.

Examples on Range: 

1.     Calculate the range for following data.

2, 6, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19, 20  also find coefficient of range.

solution:

for finding the range we need to determining the difference between the Largest and Smallest values in data.

the largest revenue is 20 and smallest revenue is 2

Range = Largest  revenue value - Smallest revenue value

Range = 20 - 2

Range = 18

 

And coefficient of Range = ( Largest  revenue value - Smallest revenue value) / ( Largest  revenue value + Smallest revenue value)

Coefficient of Range = (20-2) / (20+2)

Coefficient of Range = 18 / 22

Coefficient of Range =  0.8181

therefore The Range = 18 and coefficient of Range = 0.8181

 {it is example of individual data set}

 

 

2. Calculate the range of sales revenue for a company over a month.

Day’s:

1

2

3

4

5

6

Sales Revenue:

500

700

600

910

250

800

 also find coefficient of range.

solution:

for finding the range we need to determining the difference between the Largest and Smallest values in data.

the largest revenue is 910 and smallest revenue is 250

Range = Largest  revenue value - Smallest revenue value

Range = 910 - 250

Range = 660

 

And coefficient of Range = ( Largest  revenue value - Smallest revenue value) / ( Largest  revenue value + Smallest revenue value)

Coefficient of Range = (910-250) / (910+250)

Coefficient of Range = 660 / 1160

Coefficient of Range =  0.5689

therefore The Range = 660 and coefficient of Range = 0.5689

 {it is example of discrete data set}

 

Range for continuous Data or distribution. 

if the data is continuous distribution then the Range is calculates as Difference between the upper limit of  the highest class limits and the lower limit of the Lowest class limits. (i.e. difference between upper limit of  last class and lower limit of the first class)

 

II. Quartile Deviation: 

 we already seen that the greatest drawback of range is that is too much affected by extreme values. this drawback can be overcome by ignoring the extreme value, this can be done by ignoring 25% observation then finding the range of the data. that mean difference between third quartile and first quartile. this range is called Quartile Deviation (Q.D.) Or semi-inter quartile range. it is denotes as Q.D.

it is given by 

Quartile Deviation  = ( Q3 – Q1) / 2

Where Q3 is the third quartile of the data. 

and  Q1is the first quartile of the data.

and the quartile are calculates as Q1  = size of {(N+1) / 4 } th item.

here N  is the number of observations in data.

   Q3=size of {[3(N+1)] / 4 } th item.

the Q.D. is absolute measure of dispersion and the coefficient of Q.D. is the relative measure of dispersion.

therefore the coefficient of Q.D. =  ( Q3 – Q1)  /  ( Q3 + Q1) 

📑 MERITS OF Quartile Deviation

1. it is simple to understand 

2. easy to calculate.

3. it is not effected by extreme values.

4. it is specially useful in case of open-end classes.

 

📑DEMERITS OF Quartile Deviation

1.it is not useful for further mathematical calculations.

2. it ignoring the first 25% and last 25% data.

3. it is not based on all observations.

4. it has not sampling stability.

 

The quartile deviation is ignoring first 25% and last 25% data. mean it is based on the middle 50% data.

a large quartile deviation indicates the greater dispersion means grater variation in dataset, while the smaller quartile deviation indicates the smaller variation in data set.

 

 we see the example of Quartile Deviation And Coefficient of Quartile Deviation in next post. the Quartile Deviation is Based on the First and Third Quartiles. 

 

Quartile Deviation:

Quartile Deviation id calculated for i. Individual data, ii. Discrete data, iii. Continuous data

i. Individual Data: 

Example 1. Calculating the quartile deviation and coefficient of quartile deviation for the following data.

17, 20, 35,  51,  28,  14,  11. 

Solution: 

for calculating the quartile deviation and coefficient of quartile deviation firstly arranging the data in ascending in order 11,  14,  17,  20,  28,  35,  51.

then for calculating quartile deviation is calculated as 

Quartile Deviation =  (Q3 – Q1)/2

where  Q1 = Size of {(n+1)/4}th item.

and  Q3 = Size of {3(n+1)/4}th item.

 Q1 = Size of {(n+1)/4}th item. =  size of  {(7+1)/4} th item. = size of (8/4) th observation

 Q1 = Size of  2 nd observation =   14 

 Q1 = 14

 Q3 = Size of {3(n+1)/4}th item. =  Size of {3(7+1)/4}th item. = Size of {3(8)/4}th item. 

Q3 = size of (3x 2) th observation = size of 6 th observation 

Q3 = 35.

Quartile Deviation =  (Q3 – Q1)/2  = (35-14)/2  = 21/2

Quartile Deviation = 10.5

Coefficient of Quartile Deviation =  (Q3 – Q1)/ (Q3 + Q1)

Coefficient of Quartile Deviation =  21/ 49   = 0.4285

Coefficient of Quartile Deviation = 0.4285

therefore the Coefficient of Quartile Deviation is0.4285 and Quartile Deviation is 10.5

 

ii. For Discrete Distribution 

Example 2. Calculating the quartile deviation and coefficient of quartile deviation for the following data.

Marks

20

30

40

50

60

No. of Students

2

13

7

8

1

 

Solution: firstly we arranging the data in ascending order and adding cumulative frequency column.

Marks

No. of Students

F

Cumulative Frequency

C.F.

20

2

2

30

13

15

40

7

22

50

8

30

60

1

31

Q1 = Size of {(n+1)/4}th item.

and  Q3 = Size of {3(n+1)/4}th item.

Q1 = Size of {(n+1)/4}th item. =  size of  {(31+1)/4} th item. = size of (32/4) th observation

 Q1 = Size of  8 th observation =   30 

  because 8 th observation in corresponding to 30 marks i.e. 1to 15 observation (means 15 students have marks less than or equal to 30)corresponding to 30 and 8 is lies between 1 to 15

Q3 = Size of {3(n+1)/4}th item. =  Size of {3(31+1)/4}th item. = Size of {3(32)/4}th item. 

Q3 = Size of 24 th observation = 50 

. because 30students have marks less than or equal to 50 then 24 th number student have mark 50         ( because 22 students have marks less than or equal to 40 therefore 23 have mark 50)

  Quartile Deviation =  (Q3 – Q1)/2   = (50-30) /2  =  10

 Quartile Deviation is 10

Coefficient of Quartile Deviation =  (Q3 – Q1)/ (Q3 + Q1)

Coefficient of Quartile Deviation = 20/ 80   =  0.25

Coefficient of Quartile Deviation  = 0.25

therefore the Quartile Deviation is 10 and Coefficient of Quartile Deviation is  0.25

 

Standard Deviation: 

we see the some measures of dispersions are Range, Quartile Deviation and Mean Deviation but in these measures of dispersions are not based on all the observations i-n dataset so it not gives the proper result or they are not more reliable then any other measure of dispersion. among the all measures of dispersions the Standard Deviation is more reliable and most important measure of dispersion. the standard deviation is based on the all observations in a dataset hence it is more reliable than any other. it is defined as " The square-root of the arithmetic mean od the square of deviation from the mean" so some times it is called as root mean square deviation. and it is denoted as σ (Sigma).

and it is write as S.D. 

and it is formulated as S.D. = σ = √[∑(xi-x̄)2/n] = Square-root of [∑(xi-x̄)2/n]

where xi- is the i th observation and  i = 1, 2,...........n

x̄ is the arithmetic mean of observations or data

Merits of Standard Deviation i.e. S.D. 

i. Easy to define: it is rigidly defined or simple to define

ii. Based on all observations: It is based in all the observations in the data set, therefore if one value is changed in data then S.D. also changed. 

iii. it has sampling stability:  it is not affected by sampling fluctuations as compared to other measure of dispersions.

iv. the Standard deviation is used for further mathematical calculation. or analysis. 

v. the standard deviation is more reliable then any other measure of dispersion.

Demerit 

i. it is not simple to understand, and calculate.

The standard deviation is widely used in different field for analysis of data.

 

Variance: 

The square of standard deviation is called variance. and variance has own importance in statistics. 

and it is denoted as σ2

 Variance =  σ2= [∑(xi-x̄)2/n]

where xi- is the i th observation and  i = 1, 2,...........n

x̄ is the arithmetic mean of observations or data

now we see the it coefficients of measures of dispersions.

1. Coefficient of variation :

the standard deviation is the absolute measure of dispersion, they shoes the variability of actual value from it mean. it can be used to comparing the variability of two different groups. the variability of different group is can be expressed in percentage is called coefficient of variation and it denoted as 

C. V. 

Coefficient Of Variation = C. V. = (S.D. / Mean ) x 100

if we are interested in comparing the variability of different groups then we use the Coefficient of Variation. if the C. V. is higher then the data have higher variability. mean the values in that data set are far from the mean of that data. 

we also find the coefficient of standard deviation as 

coefficient of standard deviation = (S.D. / Mean) 

 and the difference between the Coefficient of S.D. and C. V.  is in the Coefficient of S.D. we take the ratio of S.D and Mean and in the C.V we take ratio of S.D and mean and multiply by 100 to express in   percentage.

note that  the c.v. is less than 100 but in some cases the value of S.D. is larger than Mean then C .V . is greater than 100.

 

Difference Between Variance and Standard Deviation.

Both Variance and Standard Deviation are measures of dispersion or measures of variability in the dataset, but the way of expressing the variability is different.

variance is a measure of  how much the observations in data set are differ from the mean. it is calculate by taking the sum of the squared difference between the each observation and it mean and divided by the total number of observations in data set.

and the Standard Deviation is the square-root of the variance. Standard deviation is  a measure of how much the spread the observation from mean in a same unit. and it is popular measure of dispersion used to measure the variability in data set. 

the main difference is that variance measure the average squared distance of ach observation from the mean. (i.e. in the variance the unit of the observation is in square )  while the S. D. measure the variability of data in the same unit as the given data. 

 B.Com. I (OE): Basic Statistics Practical - II

Expt. No. 1                                                                                   Date:    /    / 2025

        Title: Measures of Dispersion – I: Range, Quartile Deviation, Standard Deviation and their respective relative measures for Ungrouped data.

 

   Q.1 Calculate Range, Quartile Deviation, Standard Deviation and its relative measures from the following data relating to heights of students.

Height (in Inches)

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

No. of Students

7

15

29

12

10

9

4

 

 

    

    Q.2 Calculate Standard Deviation and  C.V. from the following data.

X

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

f

4

6

9

12

9

6

4

 

   Q.3 Find S.D and C.V. for the following frequency Distribution of the number of families with specified number of children in a certain city.

No. of Children

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

No. of families

150

148

126

24

20

18

5

 

 

 

  Q.4 Calculate Range, Quartile Deviation, Standard Deviation and its relative measures from the following data relating to heights of students.

X

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

f

4

12

19

27

35

31

26

20

14

5

 

 

 

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